La inmunogenética más allá de la clínica: genes y patógenos que marcaron nuestra historia demográfica
Palabras clave:
inmunogenética, genética de poblaciones, HLA, poblaciones nativas americanas, selección naturalResumen
Existe un número de condiciones clínicas asociadas con determinadas ancestrías, entre las cuales destaca la relación entre ciertos padecimientos autoinmunes y la ancestría nativa americana. Sin embargo, resulta lógico pensar que la presencia de estos padecimientos no fue seleccionada positivamente en el pasado y que las variantes relacionadas con estas afecciones fueron ventajosas en otro escenario. Los grupos nativos americanos tienen su origen en las poblaciones asiáticas. Tras dejar su continente de origen, viajaron a través de América y se encontraron con nuevos ambientes, animales y plantas, y por ello se expusieron a nuevos retos inmunes. La diversidad inicial en distintos genes se vio sometida a nuevas presiones selectivas al enfrentarse y adaptarse a una gran cantidad de microorganismos, muchos de los cuales posiblemente nunca habían enfrentado. Un caso particular de esta diversidad se aloja en los genes del sistema HLA, los cuales, a pesar de estar en proximidad, parecerían haber seguido historias evolutivas distintas. La pregunta obligada es: ¿la diversidad restringida en estos genes es el resultado de uno o más eventos adaptativos en América anteriores al siglo XVI, o somos testigos de uno de los más recientes ejemplos de selección natural en la historia de las poblaciones humanas?
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