In this special edition entitled Population genetics and genomics as tool anthropological studies tools in Mexico, some of the lines of work of research groups in our country are presented in context from the perspective of molecular anthropology, based on the analysis of both modern and ancient mexican populations. Population genetics and genomics are two young disciplines, and in our country they have found their niche within anthropological research to answer some of the questions that in the past were difficult to answer using other strategies, such as anthropometric techniques based on relationship between anatomical form and function, and models of natural selection on the biology of populations.